usaco-guide/content/5_Gold/6_Gold_BIT.md

---
slug: /gold/bit
title: "Binary Indexed Trees"
author: Benjamin Qi
order: 6
prerequisites: 
 - 
     - Silver - Prefix Sums
---

A **Binary Indexed Tree** allows you to perform the following tasks in $O(\log N)$ time each on an array of size $N$:

 - Update the element at a single position (point).
 - Querying the sum of a prefix of the array.

<!-- END DESCRIPTION -->

## Binary Indexed Tree

Aka **Fenwick Tree**.

### Sample Problems

  * [CSES Range Sum Queries II](https://cses.fi/problemset/task/1648)
    * can also do range XOR queries w/ update
  * [SPOJ Inversion Counting](https://www.spoj.com/problems/INVCNT/)

### Tutorials

  * CPH 9.2 (very good)
  * [CSAcademy BIT](https://csacademy.com/lesson/fenwick_trees) (also very good)
  * [cp-algorithms Fenwick Tree](https://cp-algorithms.com/data_structures/fenwick.html)
    * extends to range increment and range query, although this is not necessary for gold
  * [Topcoder BIT](https://www.topcoder.com/community/data-science/data-science-tutorials/binary-indexed-trees/)

My implementation can be found [here](https://github.com/bqi343/USACO/blob/master/Implementations/content/data-structures/1D%20Range%20Queries%20(9.2)/BIT%20(9.2).h), and can compute range sum queries for any number of dimensions.

## Indexed Set

In the special case where all elements of the array are either zero or one (which is the case for several gold problems), users of C++ will find [indexed set](https://github.com/bqi343/USACO/blob/master/Implementations/content/data-structures/STL%20(5)/IndexedSet.h) useful. Using this, we can solve "Inversion Counting" in just a few lines (with template). `Tree<int>` behaves mostly the same way as `set<int>` with the additional functions 

   * `order_of_key(x)`: counts the number of elements in the indexed set that are strictly less than `x`. 
   * `find_by_order(k)`: similar to `find`, returns the iterator corresponding to the `k`-th lowest element in the set (0-indexed).

See the link for more examples of usage.

```cpp
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

#include <ext/pb_ds/tree_policy.hpp>
#include <ext/pb_ds/assoc_container.hpp>
using namespace __gnu_pbds;
template <class T> using Tree = tree<T, null_type, less<T>, 
  rb_tree_tag, tree_order_statistics_node_update>; 

int main() {
  int T; cin >> T;
  for (int i = 0; i < T; ++i) {
    int n; cin >> n;
    Tree<int> TS; long long numInv = 0;
    for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j) { 
      int x; cin >> x;
      numInv += j-TS.order_of_key(x); // gives # elements before it > x
      TS.insert(x);
    }
    cout << numInv << "\n";
  }
}
```

Note that if it were not the case that all elements of the input array were distinct, then this code would be incorrect since `Tree<int>` would remove duplicates. Instead, we would use an indexed set of pairs (`Tree<pair<int,int>>`), where the first element of each pair would denote the value while the second would denote the array position.

## Practice Problems

* USACO Gold
  * The first three problems are just variations on inversion counting.
  * [Haircut](http://www.usaco.org/index.php?page=viewproblem2&cpid=1041)
  * [Balanced Photo](http://www.usaco.org/index.php?page=viewproblem2&cpid=693)
  * [Circle Cross](http://www.usaco.org/index.php?page=viewproblem2&cpid=719)
  * [Sleepy Cow Sort](http://usaco.org/index.php?page=viewproblem2&cpid=898)
    * as far as I know, all gold problems have had only one possible output ...
  * [Out of Sorts (harder?)](http://www.usaco.org/index.php?page=viewproblem2&cpid=837)
* Other Problems:
  * [USACO Plat Mincross](http://www.usaco.org/index.php?page=viewproblem2&cpid=720)
  * [Mega Inversions](https://open.kattis.com/problems/megainversions)
    * also just inversion counting
  * [Out of Sorts (USACO Silver)](http://usaco.org/index.php?page=viewproblem2&cpid=834)
    * aka [Sorting Steps](https://csacademy.com/contest/round-42/task/sorting-steps/) [](42)
    * Of course, this doesn't require anything other than sorting but fast range sum queries may make this easier.
  * [Twin Permutations](https://www.hackerearth.com/practice/data-structures/advanced-data-structures/fenwick-binary-indexed-trees/practice-problems/algorithm/mancunian-and-twin-permutations-d988930c/description/)
    * Offline 2D queries can be done with a 1D data structure