# Default Pint units definition file # Based on the International System of Units # Language: chinese # :copyright: 2013,2019 by Pint Authors, see AUTHORS for more details. # Syntax # ====== # Units # ----- # = [= ] [= ] [ = ] [...] # # The canonical name and aliases should be expressed in singular form. # Pint automatically deals with plurals built by adding 's' to the singular form; plural # forms that don't follow this rule should be instead explicitly listed as aliases. # # If a unit has no symbol and one wants to define aliases, then the symbol should be # conventionally set to _. # # Example: # millennium = 1e3 * year = _ = millennia # # # Prefixes # -------- # - = [= ] [= ] [ = ] [...] # # Example: # deca- = 1e+1 = da- = deka- # # # Derived dimensions # ------------------ # [dimension name] = # # Example: # [density] = [mass] / [volume] # # Note that primary dimensions don't need to be declared; they can be # defined for the first time in a unit definition. # E.g. see below `meter = [length]` # # # Additional aliases # ------------------ # @alias = [ = ] [...] # # Used to add aliases to already existing unit definitions. # Particularly useful when one wants to enrich definitions # from defaults_en.txt with custom aliases. # # Example: # @alias meter = my_meter # See also: https://pint.readthedocs.io/en/latest/defining.html @defaults group = international system = mks @end #### PREFIXES #### # decimal prefixes quecto- = 1e-30 = q- # zh-CN SI name not decided yet ronto- = 1e-27 = r- # zh-CN SI name not decided yet yocto- = 1e-24 = y- = 幺科托- = 幺- zepto- = 1e-21 = z- = 仄普托- = 仄- atto- = 1e-18 = a- = 阿托- = 阿- femto- = 1e-15 = f- = 飞母托- = 飞- pico- = 1e-12 = p- = 皮可- = 皮- nano- = 1e-9 = n- = 纳诺- = 纳- # The micro (U+00B5) and Greek mu (U+03BC) are both valid prefixes, # and they often use the same glyph. micro- = 1e-6 = µ- = μ- = u- = 微- milli- = 1e-3 = m- = 毫- centi- = 1e-2 = c- = 厘- deci- = 1e-1 = d- = 分- deca- = 1e+1 = da- = deka- = 十- hecto- = 1e2 = h- = 百- kilo- = 1e3 = k- = 千- mega- = 1e6 = M- = 兆- giga- = 1e9 = G- = 吉咖- = 吉- tera- = 1e12 = T- = 太拉- = 太- peta- = 1e15 = P- = 拍它- = 拍- exa- = 1e18 = E- = 艾可萨- = 艾- zetta- = 1e21 = Z- = 泽它- = 泽- yotta- = 1e24 = Y- = 尧它- = 尧- ronna- = 1e27 = R- # zh-CN SI name not decided yet quetta- = 1e30 = Q- # zh-CN SI name not decided yet # binary_prefixes kibi- = 2**10 = Ki- mebi- = 2**20 = Mi- gibi- = 2**30 = Gi- tebi- = 2**40 = Ti- pebi- = 2**50 = Pi- exbi- = 2**60 = Ei- zebi- = 2**70 = Zi- yobi- = 2**80 = Yi- # extra_prefixes semi- = 0.5 = _ = demi- = 半- sesqui- = 1.5 #### BASE UNITS #### 米 = [length] = m = meter = metre 秒 = [time] = s = sec = second 安 = [current] = A = amp = 安培 = ampere 坎 = [luminosity] = cd = candle = 坎德拉 = candela 克 = [mass] = g = gram 摩 = [substance] = mol = 摩尔 = mole 开 = [temperature]; offset: 0 = K = degK = °K = degree_Kelvin = degreeK = 开尔文 = kelvin # older names supported for compatibility 弧度 = [] = rad = radian 比特 = [] = bit 个 = [] = count #### CONSTANTS #### @import constants_bi_zh-cn_en.txt #### UNITS #### # Common and less common, grouped by quantity. # Conversion factors are exact (except when noted), # although floating-point conversion may introduce inaccuracies # Angle 转 = 2 * π * radian = _ = revolution = cycle = circle = turn 度 = degree = π / 180 * radian = deg = arcdeg = arcdegree = angular_degree = 角度 角分 = degree / 60 = arcmin = arc_minute = angular_minute = 弧分 = arcminute 角秒 = arcsecond = arcminute / 60 = arcsec = arc_second = angular_second = 角秒 = arcsecond 毫角秒 = 1e-3 * arcsecond = mas = 毫弧秒 = milliarcsecond 梯度 = π / 200 * radian = grad = gon = 百分度 = grade 密位 = π / 32000 * radian = 毫弧度 = mil # Solid angle 球面度 = radian ** 2 = sr = steradian 平方度 = (π / 180) ** 2 * sr = sq_deg = sqdeg = square_degree # Information 波特 = bit / second = Bd = bps = 比特每秒 = baud 字节 = 8 * bit = B = octet = byte # byte = 8 * bit = _ = octet = 字节 ## NOTE: B (byte) symbol can conflict with Bell # Ratios 百分 = 0.01 = % = percent 分比 = 1e-6 = ppm # Length 埃 = 1e-10 * meter = Å = ångström = Å = 埃格斯特朗 = angstrom 微米 = micrometer = µ = μ = micron 费米 = femtometer = fm = fermi 光年 = speed_of_light * julian_year = ly = lightyear = light_year 天文单位 = 149597870700 * meter = au = astronomical_unit # since Aug 2012 秒差距 = 1 / tansec * astronomical_unit = pc = parsec 海里 = 1852 * meter = nmi = nautical_mile 波尔 = hbar / (alpha * m_e * c) = a_0 = a0 = bohr_radius = atomic_unit_of_length = a_u_length = bohr 铜的X射线波长 = K_alpha_Cu_d_220 * d_220 / 1537.4 = Xu_Cu = 铜的X单位 = x_unit_Cu 钼的X射线波长 = K_alpha_Mo_d_220 * d_220 / 707.831 = Xu_Mo = 钼的X单位 = x_unit_Mo 埃星 = K_alpha_W_d_220 * d_220 / 0.2090100 = Å_star = angstrom_star 普朗克长度 = (hbar * gravitational_constant / c ** 3) ** 0.5 = planck_length # Mass 公吨 = 1e3 * kilogram = t = tonne = metric_ton 原子质量单位 = atomic_mass_constant = u = amu = unified_atomic_mass_unit 道尔顿 = atomic_mass_constant = Da = dalton 格令 = 64.79891 * milligram = gr = grain 伽玛质量 = microgram = gamma_mass 克拉 = 200 * milligram = ct = karat = carat 普朗克质量 = (hbar * c / gravitational_constant) ** 0.5 = planck_mass # Time 分钟 = 60 * second = min = minute 小时 = 60 * minute = h = hr = hour 天 = 24 * hour = d = day 星期 = 7 * day = week 两星期 = 2 * week = fortnight 年 = 365.25 * day = a = yr = julian_year = year 月 = year / 12 = month # decade = 10 * year ## NOTE: decade [time] can conflict with decade [dimensionless] 世纪 = 100 * year = _ = centuries = century 千年 = 1e3 * year = _ = millennia = millennium 宙 = 1e9 * year = eon 抖 = 1e-8 * second = shake 斯维德伯格 = 1e-13 * second = svedberg 原子单位时间 = hbar / E_h = a_u_time = atomic_unit_of_time 公历年 = 365.2425 * day = gregorian_year 恒星年 = 365.256363004 * day = sidereal_year 回归年 = 365.242190402 * day = tropical_year 平年 = 365 * day = common_year 闰年 = 366 * day = leap_year 恒星日 = day / 1.00273790935079524 = sidereal_day 恒星月 = 27.32166155 * day = sidereal_month 回归月 = 27.321582 * day = tropical_month 同步月 = 29.530589 * day = _ = lunar_month = synodic_month 普朗克时间 = (hbar * gravitational_constant / c ** 5) ** 0.5 = planck_time # Temperature 摄氏度 = kelvin; offset: 273.15 = °C = celsius = degC = degreeC = degree_Celsius 兰氏度 = 5 / 9 * kelvin; offset: 0 = °R = rankine = degR = degreeR = degree_Rankine 华氏度 = 5 / 9 * kelvin; offset: 233.15 + 200 / 9 = °F = fahrenheit = degF = degreeF = degree_Fahrenheit 列氏度 = 4 / 5 * kelvin; offset: 273.15 = °Re = reaumur = degRe = degreeRe = degree_Réaumur = réaumur 原子单位温度 = E_h / k = a_u_temp = atomic_unit_of_temperature 普朗克温度 = (hbar * c ** 5 / gravitational_constant / k ** 2) ** 0.5 = planck_temperature # Area [area] = [length] ** 2 are = 100 * meter ** 2 barn = 1e-28 * meter ** 2 = b darcy = centipoise * centimeter ** 2 / (second * atmosphere) hectare = 100 * are = ha # Volume [volume] = [length] ** 3 公亩 = 100 * meter ** 2 = are 贝纳 = 1e-28 * meter ** 2 = b = barn 达西 = centipoise * centimeter ** 2 / (second * atmosphere) = darcy 公顷 = 100 * are = ha = hectare # Frequency [frequency] = 1 / [time] 赫兹 = 1 / second = Hz = hertz 转每分 = revolution / minute = rpm = revolutions_per_minute 转每秒 = revolution / second = rps = revolutions_per_second 次每秒 = count / second = cps = counts_per_second # Wavenumber [wavenumber] = 1 / [length] 倒数厘米 = 1 / cm = cm_1 = kayser = reciprocal_centimeter # Velocity [velocity] = [length] / [time] [speed] = [velocity] 节 = nautical_mile / hour = kt = knot_international = international_knot = knot 英里每小时 = mile / hour = mph = MPH = mile_per_hour 千米每小时 = kilometer / hour = kph = KPH = kilometer_per_hour 千米每秒 = kilometer / second = kps = kilometer_per_second 米每秒 = meter / second = mps = meter_per_second 英尺每秒 = foot / second = fps = foot_per_second # Volumetric Flow Rate [volumetric_flow_rate] = [volume] / [time] 斯维德鲁普 = 1e6 * meter ** 3 / second = sv = sverdrup # Acceleration [acceleration] = [velocity] / [time] 伽利略 = centimeter / second ** 2 = Gal = galileo # Force [force] = [mass] * [acceleration] 牛顿 = kilogram * meter / second ** 2 = N = newton 丁 = gram * centimeter / second ** 2 = dyn = dyne 千克力 = g_0 * kilogram = kgf = kilogram_force = pond = force_kilogram 克力 = g_0 * gram = gf = gram_force = force_gram 公吨力 = g_0 * metric_ton = tf = metric_ton_force = force_t = t_force = force_metric_ton 原子单位力 = E_h / a_0 = a_u_force = atomic_unit_of_force # Energy [energy] = [force] * [length] 焦耳 = newton * meter = J = joule 尔格 = dyne * centimeter = erg 瓦时 = watt * hour = Wh = watthour = watt_hour 电子伏特 = e * volt = eV = electron_volt 里德伯格 = ℎ * c * R_inf = Ry = rydberg 哈特里 = 2 * rydberg = E_h = Eh = hartree_energy = atomic_unit_of_energy = a_u_energy = hartree 卡路里 = 4.184 * joule = cal = thermochemical_calorie = cal_th = calorie 国际卡路里 = 4.1868 * joule = cal_it = international_steam_table_calorie = international_calorie 卡路里15度 = 4.1855 * joule = cal_15 = fifteen_degree_calorie 英热单位 = 1055.056 * joule = Btu = BTU = Btu_iso = british_thermal_unit 国际英热单位 = 1e3 * pound / kilogram * degR / kelvin * international_calorie = Btu_it = international_british_thermal_unit 热化学英热单位 = 1e3 * pound / kilogram * degR / kelvin * calorie = Btu_th = thermochemical_british_thermal_unit 兆英热单位 = 1e15 * Btu = quad = quadrillion_Btu 热量 = 1e5 * Btu = thm = EC_therm = therm 美国热量 = 1.054804e8 * joule = US_therm 吨TNT = 1e9 * calorie = tTNT = ton_TNT 吨油当量 = 1e10 * international_calorie = toe = tonne_of_oil_equivalent 气体升 = atmosphere * liter = atm_l = atmosphere_liter # Power [power] = [energy] / [time] 瓦特 = joule / second = W = watt 伏特安培 = volt * ampere = VA = volt_ampere 马力 = 550 * foot * force_pound / second = hp = UK_horsepower = hydraulic_horsepower = horsepower 锅炉马力 = 33475 * Btu / hour = boiler_horsepower 公制马力 = 75 * force_kilogram * meter / second = metric_horsepower 电马力 = 746 * watt = electrical_horsepower 制冷吨 = 12e3 * Btu / hour = _ = ton_of_refrigeration = refrigeration_ton 冷却塔吨 = 1.25 * refrigeration_ton = cooling_tower_ton 标准升每分钟 = atmosphere * liter / minute = slpm = slm = standard_liter_per_minute 传统瓦特90 = K_J90 ** 2 * R_K90 / (K_J ** 2 * R_K) * watt = W_90 = conventional_watt_90 # Momentum [momentum] = [length] * [mass] / [time] # Density (as auxiliary for pressure) [density] = [mass] / [volume] 水银 = 13.5951 * kilogram / liter = Hg = Hg_0C = Hg_32F = conventional_mercury = mercury 水 = 1.0 * kilogram / liter = H2O = conventional_water = water 水银60华氏度 = 13.5568 * kilogram / liter = Hg_60F = mercury_60F 水4摄氏度 = 0.999972 * kilogram / liter = water_4C = water_39F 水60华氏度 = 0.999001 * kilogram / liter = water_60F # Pressure [pressure] = [force] / [area] 帕斯卡 = newton / meter ** 2 = Pa = pascal 微巴 = dyne / centimeter ** 2 = Ba = barie = barad = barrie = baryd = barye 巴 = 1e5 * pascal = bar 技术大气 = kilogram * g_0 / centimeter ** 2 = at = technical_atmosphere 托尔 = atm / 760 = torr 每平方英寸磅力 = force_pound / inch ** 2 = psi = pound_force_per_square_inch 每平方英寸千磅力 = kip / inch ** 2 = ksi = kip_per_square_inch 毫米水银 = millimeter * Hg * g_0 = mmHg = mm_Hg = millimeter_Hg_0C 厘米水银 = centimeter * Hg * g_0 = cmHg = cm_Hg = centimeter_Hg_0C 英寸水银 = inch * Hg * g_0 = inHg = in_Hg = inch_Hg_32F 英寸水银60华氏度 = inch * Hg_60F * g_0 = inch_Hg_60F 英寸水39华氏度 = inch * water_39F * g_0 = inch_H2O_39F 英寸水60华氏度 = inch * water_60F * g_0 = inch_H2O_60F 英尺水 = foot * water * g_0 = ftH2O = feet_H2O 厘米水 = centimeter * water * g_0 = cmH2O = cm_H2O 声压级 = 20e-6 * pascal = SPL = sound_pressure_level # Torque [torque] = [force] * [length] 英尺磅 = foot * force_pound = ft_lb = footpound = foot_pound # Viscosity [viscosity] = [pressure] * [time] 泊伊斯 = 0.1 * Pa * second = P = poise 雷恩 = psi * second = reyn # Kinematic viscosity [kinematic_viscosity] = [area] / [time] 斯托克斯 = centimeter ** 2 / second = St = stokes # Fluidity [fluidity] = 1 / [viscosity] 莱 = 1 / poise = rhe # Amount of substance 粒子 = 1 / N_A = _ = molec = molecule = particle # Concentration [concentration] = [substance] / [volume] 体积摩尔 = mole / liter = M = molar # Catalytic activity [activity] = [substance] / [time] 卡塔尔 = mole / second = kat = katal 酶单位 = micromole / minute = U = enzymeunit = enzyme_unit # Entropy [entropy] = [energy] / [temperature] 克劳西斯 = calorie / kelvin = Cl = clausius # Molar entropy [molar_entropy] = [entropy] / [substance] 熵单位 = calorie / kelvin / mole = eu = entropy_unit # Radiation 贝可勒尔 = counts_per_second = Bq = becquerel 居里 = 3.7e10 * becquerel = Ci = curie 卢瑟福 = 1e6 * becquerel = Rd = rutherford 格雷 = joule / kilogram = Gy = gray 西弗 = joule / kilogram = Sv = sievert 拉德斯 = 0.01 * gray = rads 雷质 = 0.01 * sievert = rem 伦琴 = 2.58e-4 * coulomb / kilogram = _ = röntgen = roentgen # Heat transimission [heat_transmission] = [energy] / [area] 峰值太阳小时 = 1e3 * watt_hour / meter ** 2 = PSH = peak_sun_hour 兰利 = thermochemical_calorie / centimeter ** 2 = Ly = langley # Luminance [luminance] = [luminosity] / [area] 尼特 = candela / meter ** 2 = nit 斯蒂尔布 = candela / centimeter ** 2 = stilb 兰伯特 = 1 / π * candela / centimeter ** 2 = lambert # Luminous flux [luminous_flux] = [luminosity] 流明 = candela * steradian = lm = lumen # Illuminance [illuminance] = [luminous_flux] / [area] 勒克斯 = lumen / meter ** 2 = lx = lux # Intensity [intensity] = [power] / [area] 原子单位光强 = 0.5 * ε_0 * c * atomic_unit_of_electric_field ** 2 = a_u_intensity = atomic_unit_of_intensity # Current 比奥 = 10 * ampere = Bi = biot 绝对安培 = biot = abA = abampere 原子单位电流 = e / atomic_unit_of_time = a_u_current = atomic_unit_of_current 平均国际安培 = mean_international_volt / mean_international_ohm = A_it = mean_international_ampere 美国国际安培 = US_international_volt / US_international_ohm = A_US = US_international_ampere 传统安培90 = K_J90 * R_K90 / (K_J * R_K) * ampere = A_90 = conventional_ampere_90 普朗克电流 = (c ** 6 / gravitational_constant / k_C) ** 0.5 = planck_current # Charge [charge] = [current] * [time] 库仑 = ampere * second = C = coulomb 绝对库伦 = 10 * C = abC = abcoulomb 法拉第 = e * N_A * mole = faraday 传统库伦90 = K_J90 * R_K90 / (K_J * R_K) * coulomb = C_90 = conventional_coulomb_90 安培时 = ampere * hour = Ah = ampere_hour # Electric potential [electric_potential] = [energy] / [charge] 伏特 = joule / coulomb = V = volt 绝对伏特 = 1e-8 * volt = abV = abvolt 平均国际伏特 = 1.00034 * volt = V_it = mean_international_volt # approximate 美国国际伏特 = 1.00033 * volt = V_US = US_international_volt # approximate 传统伏特90 = K_J90 / K_J * volt = V_90 = conventional_volt_90 # Electric field [electric_field] = [electric_potential] / [length] 原子单位电场 = e * k_C / a_0 ** 2 = a_u_electric_field = atomic_unit_of_electric_field # Electric displacement field [electric_displacement_field] = [charge] / [area] # Resistance [resistance] = [electric_potential] / [current] 欧姆 = volt / ampere = Ω = ohm 绝对欧姆 = 1e-9 * ohm = abΩ = abohm 平均国际欧姆 = 1.00049 * ohm = Ω_it = ohm_it = mean_international_ohm # approximate 美国国际欧姆 = 1.000495 * ohm = Ω_US = ohm_US = US_international_ohm # approximate 传统欧姆90 = R_K / R_K90 * ohm = Ω_90 = ohm_90 = conventional_ohm_90 # Resistivity [resistivity] = [resistance] * [length] # Conductance [conductance] = [current] / [electric_potential] 西门子 = ampere / volt = S = mho = siemens 绝对西门子 = 1e9 * siemens = abS = abmho = absiemens # Capacitance [capacitance] = [charge] / [electric_potential] 法拉 = coulomb / volt = F = farad 绝对法拉 = 1e9 * farad = abF = abfarad 常用法拉_90 = R_K90 / R_K * farad = F_90 = conventional_farad_90 # Magnetic flux [magnetic_flux] = [electric_potential] * [time] 韦伯 = volt * second = Wb = weber 单位极 = µ_0 * biot * centimeter = unit_pole # Inductance [inductance] = [magnetic_flux] / [current] 亨利 = weber / ampere = H = henry 绝对亨利 = 1e-9 * henry = abH = abhenry 常用亨利_90 = R_K / R_K90 * henry = H_90 = conventional_henry_90 # Magnetic field [magnetic_field] = [magnetic_flux] / [area] 特斯拉 = weber / meter ** 2 = T = tesla 伽玛 = 1e-9 * tesla = γ = gamma # Magnetomotive force [magnetomotive_force] = [current] 安培匝 = ampere = At = ampere_turn 比奥特匝 = biot = biot_turn 吉尔伯特 = 1 / (4 * π) * biot_turn = Gb = gilbert # Magnetic field strength [magnetic_field_strength] = [current] / [length] # Electric dipole moment [electric_dipole] = [charge] * [length] 德拜 = 1e-9 / ζ * coulomb * angstrom = D = debye # formally 1 D = 1e-10 Fr*Å, but we generally want to use it outside the Gaussian context # Electric quadrupole moment [electric_quadrupole] = [charge] * [area] 巴金汉姆 = debye * angstrom = buckingham # Magnetic dipole moment [magnetic_dipole] = [current] * [area] 波尔磁子 = e * hbar / (2 * m_e) = µ_B = mu_B = bohr_magneton 核磁子 = e * hbar / (2 * m_p) = µ_N = mu_N = nuclear_magneton # Logaritmic Unit Definition # Unit = scale; logbase; logfactor # x_dB = [logfactor] * log( x_lin / [scale] ) / log( [logbase] ) # Logaritmic Units of dimensionless quantity: [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_(logarithmic_quantity) ] 分贝毫瓦 = 1e-3 watt; logbase: 10; logfactor: 10 = dBm = decibelmilliwatt 分贝微瓦 = 1e-6 watt; logbase: 10; logfactor: 10 = dBu = decibelmicrowatt decibel = 1 ; logbase: 10; logfactor: 10 = dB # bell = 1 ; logbase: 10; logfactor: = B ## NOTE: B (Bell) symbol conflicts with byte decade = 1 ; logbase: 10; logfactor: 1 ## NOTE: decade [time] can conflict with decade [dimensionless] octave = 1 ; logbase: 2; logfactor: 1 = oct neper = 1 ; logbase: 2.71828182845904523536028747135266249775724709369995; logfactor: 0.5 = Np # neper = 1 ; logbase: eulers_number; logfactor: 0.5 = Np #### UNIT GROUPS #### # Mostly for length, area, volume, mass, force # (customary or specialized units) @group USCSLengthInternational thou = 1e-3 * inch = th = mil_length inch = yard / 36 = in = international_inch = inches = international_inches hand = 4 * inch foot = yard / 3 = ft = international_foot = feet = international_feet yard = 0.9144 * meter = yd = international_yard # since Jul 1959 mile = 1760 * yard = mi = international_mile circular_mil = π / 4 * mil_length ** 2 = cmil square_inch = inch ** 2 = sq_in = square_inches square_foot = foot ** 2 = sq_ft = square_feet square_yard = yard ** 2 = sq_yd square_mile = mile ** 2 = sq_mi cubic_inch = in ** 3 = cu_in cubic_foot = ft ** 3 = cu_ft = cubic_feet cubic_yard = yd ** 3 = cu_yd @end @group USCSLengthSurvey link = 1e-2 * chain = li = survey_link survey_foot = 1200 / 3937 * meter = sft fathom = 6 * survey_foot rod = 16.5 * survey_foot = rd = pole = perch chain = 4 * rod furlong = 40 * rod = fur cables_length = 120 * fathom survey_mile = 5280 * survey_foot = smi = us_statute_mile league = 3 * survey_mile square_rod = rod ** 2 = sq_rod = sq_pole = sq_perch acre = 10 * chain ** 2 square_survey_mile = survey_mile ** 2 = _ = section square_league = league ** 2 acre_foot = acre * survey_foot = _ = acre_feet @end @group USCSDryVolume dry_pint = bushel / 64 = dpi = US_dry_pint dry_quart = bushel / 32 = dqt = US_dry_quart dry_gallon = bushel / 8 = dgal = US_dry_gallon peck = bushel / 4 = pk bushel = 2150.42 cubic_inch = bu dry_barrel = 7056 cubic_inch = _ = US_dry_barrel board_foot = ft * ft * in = FBM = board_feet = BF = BDFT = super_foot = superficial_foot = super_feet = superficial_feet @end @group USCSLiquidVolume minim = pint / 7680 fluid_dram = pint / 128 = fldr = fluidram = US_fluid_dram = US_liquid_dram fluid_ounce = pint / 16 = floz = US_fluid_ounce = US_liquid_ounce gill = pint / 4 = gi = liquid_gill = US_liquid_gill pint = quart / 2 = pt = liquid_pint = US_pint fifth = gallon / 5 = _ = US_liquid_fifth quart = gallon / 4 = qt = liquid_quart = US_liquid_quart gallon = 231 * cubic_inch = gal = liquid_gallon = US_liquid_gallon @end @group USCSVolumeOther teaspoon = fluid_ounce / 6 = tsp tablespoon = fluid_ounce / 2 = tbsp shot = 3 * tablespoon = jig = US_shot cup = pint / 2 = cp = liquid_cup = US_liquid_cup barrel = 31.5 * gallon = bbl oil_barrel = 42 * gallon = oil_bbl beer_barrel = 31 * gallon = beer_bbl hogshead = 63 * gallon @end @group Avoirdupois dram = pound / 256 = dr = avoirdupois_dram = avdp_dram = drachm ounce = pound / 16 = oz = avoirdupois_ounce = avdp_ounce pound = 7e3 * grain = lb = avoirdupois_pound = avdp_pound stone = 14 * pound quarter = 28 * stone bag = 94 * pound hundredweight = 100 * pound = cwt = short_hundredweight long_hundredweight = 112 * pound ton = 2e3 * pound = _ = short_ton long_ton = 2240 * pound slug = g_0 * pound * second ** 2 / foot slinch = g_0 * pound * second ** 2 / inch = blob = slugette force_ounce = g_0 * ounce = ozf = ounce_force force_pound = g_0 * pound = lbf = pound_force force_ton = g_0 * ton = _ = ton_force = force_short_ton = short_ton_force force_long_ton = g_0 * long_ton = _ = long_ton_force kip = 1e3 * force_pound poundal = pound * foot / second ** 2 = pdl @end @group AvoirdupoisUK using Avoirdupois UK_hundredweight = long_hundredweight = UK_cwt UK_ton = long_ton UK_force_ton = force_long_ton = _ = UK_ton_force @end @group AvoirdupoisUS using Avoirdupois US_hundredweight = hundredweight = US_cwt US_ton = ton US_force_ton = force_ton = _ = US_ton_force @end @group Troy pennyweight = 24 * grain = dwt troy_ounce = 480 * grain = toz = ozt troy_pound = 12 * troy_ounce = tlb = lbt @end @group Apothecary scruple = 20 * grain apothecary_dram = 3 * scruple = ap_dr apothecary_ounce = 8 * apothecary_dram = ap_oz apothecary_pound = 12 * apothecary_ounce = ap_lb @end @group ImperialVolume imperial_minim = imperial_fluid_ounce / 480 imperial_fluid_scruple = imperial_fluid_ounce / 24 imperial_fluid_drachm = imperial_fluid_ounce / 8 = imperial_fldr = imperial_fluid_dram imperial_fluid_ounce = imperial_pint / 20 = imperial_floz = UK_fluid_ounce imperial_gill = imperial_pint / 4 = imperial_gi = UK_gill imperial_cup = imperial_pint / 2 = imperial_cp = UK_cup imperial_pint = imperial_gallon / 8 = imperial_pt = UK_pint imperial_quart = imperial_gallon / 4 = imperial_qt = UK_quart imperial_gallon = 4.54609 * liter = imperial_gal = UK_gallon imperial_peck = 2 * imperial_gallon = imperial_pk = UK_pk imperial_bushel = 8 * imperial_gallon = imperial_bu = UK_bushel imperial_barrel = 36 * imperial_gallon = imperial_bbl = UK_bbl @end @group Printer pica = inch / 6 = _ = printers_pica point = pica / 12 = pp = printers_point = big_point = bp didot = 1 / 2660 * m cicero = 12 * didot tex_point = inch / 72.27 tex_pica = 12 * tex_point tex_didot = 1238 / 1157 * tex_point tex_cicero = 12 * tex_didot scaled_point = tex_point / 65536 css_pixel = inch / 96 = px pixel = [printing_unit] = _ = dot = pel = picture_element pixels_per_centimeter = pixel / cm = PPCM pixels_per_inch = pixel / inch = dots_per_inch = PPI = ppi = DPI = printers_dpi bits_per_pixel = bit / pixel = bpp @end @group Textile tex = gram / kilometer = Tt dtex = decitex denier = gram / (9 * kilometer) = den = Td jute = pound / (14400 * yard) = Tj aberdeen = jute = Ta RKM = gf / tex number_english = 840 * yard / pound = Ne = NeC = ECC number_meter = kilometer / kilogram = Nm @end #### CGS ELECTROMAGNETIC UNITS #### # === Gaussian system of units === @group Gaussian franklin = erg ** 0.5 * centimeter ** 0.5 = Fr = statcoulomb = statC = esu statvolt = erg / franklin = statV statampere = franklin / second = statA gauss = dyne / franklin = G maxwell = gauss * centimeter ** 2 = Mx oersted = dyne / maxwell = Oe = ørsted statohm = statvolt / statampere = statΩ statfarad = franklin / statvolt = statF statmho = statampere / statvolt @end # Note this system is not commensurate with SI, as ε_0 and µ_0 disappear; # some quantities with different dimensions in SI have the same # dimensions in the Gaussian system (e.g. [Mx] = [Fr], but [Wb] != [C]), # and therefore the conversion factors depend on the context (not in pint sense) [gaussian_charge] = [length] ** 1.5 * [mass] ** 0.5 / [time] [gaussian_current] = [gaussian_charge] / [time] [gaussian_electric_potential] = [gaussian_charge] / [length] [gaussian_electric_field] = [gaussian_electric_potential] / [length] [gaussian_electric_displacement_field] = [gaussian_charge] / [area] [gaussian_electric_flux] = [gaussian_charge] [gaussian_electric_dipole] = [gaussian_charge] * [length] [gaussian_electric_quadrupole] = [gaussian_charge] * [area] [gaussian_magnetic_field] = [force] / [gaussian_charge] [gaussian_magnetic_field_strength] = [gaussian_magnetic_field] [gaussian_magnetic_flux] = [gaussian_magnetic_field] * [area] [gaussian_magnetic_dipole] = [energy] / [gaussian_magnetic_field] [gaussian_resistance] = [gaussian_electric_potential] / [gaussian_current] [gaussian_resistivity] = [gaussian_resistance] * [length] [gaussian_capacitance] = [gaussian_charge] / [gaussian_electric_potential] [gaussian_inductance] = [gaussian_electric_potential] * [time] / [gaussian_current] [gaussian_conductance] = [gaussian_current] / [gaussian_electric_potential] @context Gaussian = Gau [gaussian_charge] -> [charge]: value / k_C ** 0.5 [charge] -> [gaussian_charge]: value * k_C ** 0.5 [gaussian_current] -> [current]: value / k_C ** 0.5 [current] -> [gaussian_current]: value * k_C ** 0.5 [gaussian_electric_potential] -> [electric_potential]: value * k_C ** 0.5 [electric_potential] -> [gaussian_electric_potential]: value / k_C ** 0.5 [gaussian_electric_field] -> [electric_field]: value * k_C ** 0.5 [electric_field] -> [gaussian_electric_field]: value / k_C ** 0.5 [gaussian_electric_displacement_field] -> [electric_displacement_field]: value / (4 * π / ε_0) ** 0.5 [electric_displacement_field] -> [gaussian_electric_displacement_field]: value * (4 * π / ε_0) ** 0.5 [gaussian_electric_dipole] -> [electric_dipole]: value / k_C ** 0.5 [electric_dipole] -> [gaussian_electric_dipole]: value * k_C ** 0.5 [gaussian_electric_quadrupole] -> [electric_quadrupole]: value / k_C ** 0.5 [electric_quadrupole] -> [gaussian_electric_quadrupole]: value * k_C ** 0.5 [gaussian_magnetic_field] -> [magnetic_field]: value / (4 * π / µ_0) ** 0.5 [magnetic_field] -> [gaussian_magnetic_field]: value * (4 * π / µ_0) ** 0.5 [gaussian_magnetic_flux] -> [magnetic_flux]: value / (4 * π / µ_0) ** 0.5 [magnetic_flux] -> [gaussian_magnetic_flux]: value * (4 * π / µ_0) ** 0.5 [gaussian_magnetic_field_strength] -> [magnetic_field_strength]: value / (4 * π * µ_0) ** 0.5 [magnetic_field_strength] -> [gaussian_magnetic_field_strength]: value * (4 * π * µ_0) ** 0.5 [gaussian_magnetic_dipole] -> [magnetic_dipole]: value * (4 * π / µ_0) ** 0.5 [magnetic_dipole] -> [gaussian_magnetic_dipole]: value / (4 * π / µ_0) ** 0.5 [gaussian_resistance] -> [resistance]: value * k_C [resistance] -> [gaussian_resistance]: value / k_C [gaussian_resistivity] -> [resistivity]: value * k_C [resistivity] -> [gaussian_resistivity]: value / k_C [gaussian_capacitance] -> [capacitance]: value / k_C [capacitance] -> [gaussian_capacitance]: value * k_C [gaussian_inductance] -> [inductance]: value * k_C [inductance] -> [gaussian_inductance]: value / k_C [gaussian_conductance] -> [conductance]: value / k_C [conductance] -> [gaussian_conductance]: value * k_C @end # === ESU system of units === # (where different from Gaussian) # See note for Gaussian system too @group ESU using Gaussian statweber = statvolt * second = statWb stattesla = statweber / centimeter ** 2 = statT stathenry = statweber / statampere = statH @end [esu_charge] = [length] ** 1.5 * [mass] ** 0.5 / [time] [esu_current] = [esu_charge] / [time] [esu_electric_potential] = [esu_charge] / [length] [esu_magnetic_flux] = [esu_electric_potential] * [time] [esu_magnetic_field] = [esu_magnetic_flux] / [area] [esu_magnetic_field_strength] = [esu_current] / [length] [esu_magnetic_dipole] = [esu_current] * [area] @context ESU = esu [esu_magnetic_field] -> [magnetic_field]: value * k_C ** 0.5 [magnetic_field] -> [esu_magnetic_field]: value / k_C ** 0.5 [esu_magnetic_flux] -> [magnetic_flux]: value * k_C ** 0.5 [magnetic_flux] -> [esu_magnetic_flux]: value / k_C ** 0.5 [esu_magnetic_field_strength] -> [magnetic_field_strength]: value / (4 * π / ε_0) ** 0.5 [magnetic_field_strength] -> [esu_magnetic_field_strength]: value * (4 * π / ε_0) ** 0.5 [esu_magnetic_dipole] -> [magnetic_dipole]: value / k_C ** 0.5 [magnetic_dipole] -> [esu_magnetic_dipole]: value * k_C ** 0.5 @end #### CONVERSION CONTEXTS #### @context(n=1) spectroscopy = sp # n index of refraction of the medium. [length] <-> [frequency]: speed_of_light / n / value [frequency] -> [energy]: planck_constant * value [energy] -> [frequency]: value / planck_constant # allow wavenumber / kayser [wavenumber] <-> [length]: 1 / value @end @context boltzmann [temperature] -> [energy]: boltzmann_constant * value [energy] -> [temperature]: value / boltzmann_constant @end @context energy [energy] -> [energy] / [substance]: value * N_A [energy] / [substance] -> [energy]: value / N_A [energy] -> [mass]: value / c ** 2 [mass] -> [energy]: value * c ** 2 @end @context(mw=0,volume=0,solvent_mass=0) chemistry = chem # mw is the molecular weight of the species # volume is the volume of the solution # solvent_mass is the mass of solvent in the solution # moles -> mass require the molecular weight [substance] -> [mass]: value * mw [mass] -> [substance]: value / mw # moles/volume -> mass/volume and moles/mass -> mass/mass # require the molecular weight [substance] / [volume] -> [mass] / [volume]: value * mw [mass] / [volume] -> [substance] / [volume]: value / mw [substance] / [mass] -> [mass] / [mass]: value * mw [mass] / [mass] -> [substance] / [mass]: value / mw # moles/volume -> moles requires the solution volume [substance] / [volume] -> [substance]: value * volume [substance] -> [substance] / [volume]: value / volume # moles/mass -> moles requires the solvent (usually water) mass [substance] / [mass] -> [substance]: value * solvent_mass [substance] -> [substance] / [mass]: value / solvent_mass # moles/mass -> moles/volume require the solvent mass and the volume [substance] / [mass] -> [substance]/[volume]: value * solvent_mass / volume [substance] / [volume] -> [substance] / [mass]: value / solvent_mass * volume @end @context textile # Allow switching between Direct count system (i.e. tex) and # Indirect count system (i.e. Ne, Nm) [mass] / [length] <-> [length] / [mass]: 1 / value @end #### SYSTEMS OF UNITS #### @system SI second meter kilogram ampere kelvin mole candela @end @system mks using international meter kilogram second @end @system cgs using international, Gaussian, ESU centimeter gram second @end @system atomic using international # based on unit m_e, e, hbar, k_C, k bohr: meter electron_mass: gram atomic_unit_of_time: second atomic_unit_of_current: ampere atomic_unit_of_temperature: kelvin @end @system Planck using international # based on unit c, gravitational_constant, hbar, k_C, k planck_length: meter planck_mass: gram planck_time: second planck_current: ampere planck_temperature: kelvin @end @system imperial using ImperialVolume, USCSLengthInternational, AvoirdupoisUK yard pound @end @system US using USCSLiquidVolume, USCSDryVolume, USCSVolumeOther, USCSLengthInternational, USCSLengthSurvey, AvoirdupoisUS yard pound @end